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Choline is actively transported across the placenta, leading to fetal plasma choline levels six to seven times higher than maternal blood levels, and amniotic fluid concentrations nearly ten times higher ( In females, as estrogen levels decline, the choline metabolism and utilization undergo significant changes

These findings position the carnitine profile as a promising early diagnostic biomarker that may outperform conventional clinical indicators [20,21,22]

However, this accumulation could reflect either metabolic dysregulation or simply reduced renal clearance [170, 171]

Total urine volumes were obtained by dividing the weight of the urine by the specific gravity, measured using a One Step specific gravity dip stick

We established a chronic constriction injury (CCI) model in male mice