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Food supplement cocoa flavanol is shown to boost the NAD + and NADH content, stimulate sirtuin metabolism, reduce cellular H 2 O 2 production as well as OxS, and improve mitochondrial function in PASC patients 527

High concentration of glucose increases reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in rabbit corneal epithelial cells

118 Carotid artery ultrasound is a non-invasive method for assessing the presence and extent of atherosclerotic plaque in the arteries of the neck

Due to the advancements of neurological studies, brain function can be evaluated by monitoring dynamic changes of cerebral blood flow according to neurovascular coupling theory, i.e., neurons, astrocyte, and arterial vessel communication 39,40,41

Within this framework, CIT, a non-essential amino acid and a critical intermediary in the urea cycle, has emerged as a noteworthy nutritional agent with diverse advantages for the preservation of muscular and vascular integrity in the context of aging (26, 27)