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Consequently, resting conidia do not induce cytokine release by macrophages, but during germination, the layer of RodA is degraded and molecules that are recognized by PRRs on macrophages and dendritic cells are exposed and promote cytokine production and co-stimulatory molecule expression (Aimanianda et al., Aspergillus conidia do not present abundant -glucans on their surface, which might account for the redundant role of Dectin-1

The biological consequences of ROS accumulation are therefore governed more by concentration, duration, and antioxidant buffering capacity than by the specific source of generation (Lennicke and Cochem, 2021)

Oligodendrocytes can also modulate astrocyte and microglial activity via secreted factors

Theyre easier to use, better tolerated, and more aligned with your bodys natural nutrient processing systems

Efficient screening methods are essential to isolate and identify high-glutathione-producing mutants from many variants