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Clinical trials further provide proof-of-concept: Vitamin B12 supplementation markedly improves symptom severity and anxiety in patients with FM, consistent with restoration of one-carbon flux and normalization of methylation-dependent pathways

Another study discovered that autophagy promotes the survival and metastasis of breast cancer cells by enhancing their ability to invade and migrate to other tissues [55]

J Alzheimers Dis 2: 123131, 2000

Involvement in mitochondrial membrane potential and cell death

Acknowledgments The Researchers would like to thank the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at Qassim University for financial support (QU-APC-2025)