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NAD + is replenished by lactate production or redox shuttle systems (glycerol-3-phosphate and malate-aspartate shuttle, MAS) which transfer reducing equivalents to the mitochondrial electron transport complexes

Conversely, treatment with Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) or Acteoside, both ferroptosis inhibitors, significantly attenuated SAL-induced ferroptosis and neuronal injury ( 2.4 Dysregulation of multi-control mechanisms Ferroptosis is regulated by multiple parallel and complementary pathways ( 2 , a lipophilic antioxidant that neutralizes PL-OOHs and halts lipid peroxidation, thereby suppressing ferroptosis independently of GPX4 ( 2 that scavenges ROS and phospholipid hydroperoxides (PL-OOHs) within mitochondria and prevents ferroptosis ( 3 Ferroptosis and neurodegenerative diseases Iron is an essential trace element for maintaining brain function, playing vital roles in neuronal development, neurotransmitter synthesis, mitochondrial energy metabolism, myelin formation, and synaptic plasticity (Table 1), suggesting that therapeutic targeting of ferroptosis may offer a promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of NDDs

555 A recent study in the elderly reported an age-dependent reduction in plasma ghrelin and an elevated ratio of plasma liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2)/ghrelin, which is associated with cognitive impairment

Berberine hydrochloride (aka natures metformin) supports healthy blood sugar and metabolic flexibility

Graham DG