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Int J Mol Sci 17(9):1418 Zhao W, Ma L, Cai C, Gong X (2019) Caffeine inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by suppressing MAPK/NF-B and A2ar signaling in LPS-induced THP-1 macrophages

BPC-157 and TB-500 are investigational peptides with no FDA approval and are banned by WADA

Among others NEMO (347, 348), MAVS (349, 350), and NLRP6 (351) modulate type I IFN production and inflammasome activation (352355), whereas TRIM18 and TRIM29 suppress macrophage activation and IFN production (354, 356)

( e ) Schematic of different brain regions collected for AcH measurement post EtOH gavage (Created with Biorender.com)

1 Although its main form in the body is ascorbate, it acts as a cosubstrate for several enzymes and antioxidants