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Hewitt, A

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In the stress-mediated regulation of CYP genes , the stress-system effectors, epinephrine and norepinephrine released from adrenal medulla and glucocorticoids released from adrenal cortex, hold central roles by activating major signal transduction pathways in the liver, such as the AR/cAMP/PKA, JNK, growth hormone (GH)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b), PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 and Glucocorticoid/GR-linked pathways

In support with this, several studies highlighted that cells experiencing hypoxia or mitochondrial dysfunction have decreased glutamine oxidation and rely on carbon sources, other than glucose and glutamine, to supply metabolic intermediates under hypoxic conditions 46,47,48

doi: 10.1139/z2012-078