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Treadwell T, Kleinman HK, Crockford D, Hardy MA, Guarnera GT, Goldstein AL

B12 Supplements (MAJOR EFFECT) Oral B12 Supplements: Typical dose: 1000 mcg (1 mg) Absorption: ~1-2% passively absorbed (10-20 mcg from 1000 mcg dose) Effect on serum B12: Can increase by 100-300 pg/mL within 24 hours Peak effect: 4-8 hours after oral supplement Intramuscular B12 Injections: Dose: Usually 1000 mcg Effect: Massive increase in serum B12 Can reach 1000-5000 pg/mL within hours Sustained elevation for weeks Recommendation: Stop oral supplements 3-7 days before testing (ideally 7 days) Wait 1-2 weeks after injection before testing 2

23 After 6 months of supplementation, 74% in the B12 group had reached no aphthous ulcer status, compared with 32% in the placebo group

Most of the available evidence comes from animal and laboratory studies, which suggest the peptide may influence several biological processes involved in healing and recovery

10.1038/nsmb.3099