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Plausible degradation pathways include: Serum aminopeptidases (cleaving from the N-terminus) Endopeptidases (internal bond cleavage) Hepatic uptake and degradation Renal clearance (though direct renal excretion of intact peptide of this size is typically limited) Whether BPC-157 generates active metabolites i.e., smaller peptide fragments that retain biological activity is not established in the public literature

F1000Research 2020, 9 , F1000 Faculty Rev-69

Briefly, a 24-well culture plate was coated with 200 l (9.1 mg/ml)/well Matrigel prepared from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse tumors (Corning, MA, USA) and allowed to stand for 30 min at 37 C to form a gel layer

Unlike fat-soluble vitamins, vitamin B12 is water-soluble, meaning excess amounts are typically excreted through urine

doi: ^ Verhoeven N.M., Wanders R.J., Poll-The B.T., Saudubray J.M., Jakobs C