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Description

Citrulline is included at a high dose to stimulate nitric oxide production, which enhances blood flow, muscle pumps, and nutrient delivery to working muscles

Clostridium spp

The immunomodulatory activity is mediated via multiple pathways, including the promotion of anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion (e.g., IL-10) and the inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzymes [e.g., cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)]

Exercise interventions regulate the immune system to alleviate inflammatory symptoms through the following mechanisms: 1) Exercise intervention lowers levels of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-6, TNF-, and IFN- (Sungurlu and Balk, 2024), while promoting the release of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 to help reduce the inflammatory response (Sleijser-Koehorst et al., 2023