ascorbate glutathione The ascorbate–glutathione cycle coming of age Impact of Ascorbate—Glutathione Cycle Components
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What Happens When You Are Vitamin B12 Deficient

One of the reasons why a B12 injection is so effective compared to ingesting B12 through your diet, is that a B12 injection bypasses your gastrointestinal tract
Although clinical symptoms should receive more weight in diagnosing B12 deficiency, the panelists recognized the need to use serum vitamin B12 concentrations as a cost-effective screening marker and the need to additionally measure a metabolic marker to support the diagnosis

[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Ellwanger K, Saito H, Clement-Lacroix P, Maltry N, Niedermeyer J, Lee WK, Baron R, Rawadi G, Westphal H, Niehrs C

again, oxidative stress is believed to be the culprit, with decreased GSTO gene expression resulting in a lowered age of onset for the diseases