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In vitro assay of bacterial adhesion onto mammalian epithelial cells

TXNIP, in particular, achieves bidirectional autophagy regulation by engaging with distinct target proteins, such as the metabolic regulators mTOR and AMPK, the stress sensor REDD1, the master transcription factor TFEB, and by influencing the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

This, in turn, theoretically increases the likelihood of antibiotic resistance emergence in persistent infections, especially if the drug is still present in low levels in the host [127129]

Briefly, 10 l of serum was incubated with the top 12 abundant serum protein depletion kit (Thermo Scientific Pierce, Cat# 85164) and digested with trypsin on S-Trap column (ProtiFi, NY)

Mosley JG, Gibbs AC