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Acetylcarnitine has greater bioavailability than carnitine and has been shown to contribute to improvements in cognitive function by providing acetyl groups to promote the synthesis of acetylcholine [105]

Increased TMAO levels caused by high carnitine intake also impair liver function, highlighting the complex and fine regulatory role of carnitine in gutliver communication [248, 249]

For people with a history of migraine, those on anticoagulants, or people taking multiple central nervous system medications, clinicians often recommend greater caution and closer monitoring or avoiding carnitine unless there is a clear indication

For quality control, we excluded participants who (1) have excess relatedness (more than 10 putative third-degree relatives), (2) have inconsistent information about sex based on genotyping and self-report, (3) have sex-chromosomes not XX or XY, (4) have poor-quality genotyping based on heterozygosity and missing rates, or (5) have withdrawn from UK Biobank

Additionally, it has been used in the treatment of depression and other mood disorders due to its ability to enhance neurotransmitter function