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Dietary sphingomyelin (SM) supplementation also remarkably decreased the atherosclerotic lesion area in the aortic arch in chow-fed ApoE / mice, reduced serum TMAO levels in C57BL/6 mice, and did not affect circulating SM levels or increase AS in ApoE / mice fed a HFD ( Regulating the Gut Microbiota to Reduce TMAO Levels Evidence from experimental and clinical studies has confirmed the role of the gut microbiota in TMAO metabolism, providing a theoretical basis for regulating the gut microbiota to control TMAO levels and prevent or treat AS (Wang et al., 2011

Since these are environmentally driven changes, they are amenable to efforts at prevention and treatment

Swerdlow et al., 2010

Silletti, Joseph

Transverse brain slices (400 m in thickness) prepared from frontal cortex were kept in a humidified/oxygenated holding chamber at 24C for 1 hr prior to transferring the brain slices into the recording chamber