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A Zeiss 980 confocal microscope with the following excitation and emission settings was used to capture the fluorescent signals: CMFDA, 488 nm excitation with 500-544 nm emission

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[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 37.Hegedus E., Vidmar A.P., Mayer M., Kohli R., Kohli R

NF-B: Protecting from ROS As mentioned previously, ROS are toxic in cells at certain levels, due to the oxidative stress they exert by their reaction with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

Concurrently, insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, and obesity contribute to ROS overproduction, while the activity of antioxidant enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) are significantly reduced ( In PCOS, excessive ROS inflict damage on oocytes and granulosa cells, disrupt the follicular microenvironment, and impair follicular development and ovulation ( e.g ., CYP17) in ovarian theca cells, exacerbating hyperandrogenemia ( e.g ., vitamin C, vitamin E, N-acetylcysteine) may mitigate oxidative damage, improve insulin sensitivity, and restore ovarian function by neutralizing ROS ( 3.2 Autophagy Autophagy is a fundamental cellular process responsible for degrading and recycling damaged organelles and proteins, playing a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis