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C.MilnerJ.StudenskiS.KimuraT.et al (2013)

Peptides influence metabolic signalling

mainly by increasing insulin sensitivity and reducing hsCRP levels14

This induces the transcription of a vast network of cytoprotective genes, including those encoding SOD, CAT, PRX, TrxR, GPx, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and enzymes required for GSH synthesis (e.g., glutamate-cysteine ligase) [6163]

Moreover, the AP, which is situated in the caudal brainstem and is part of the dorsal vagal complex (DVC), which also includes the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), acts as a critical nucleus where peripheral ghrelin transmits orexigenic messages