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Enterohepatic recycling has also been described in cats, in which cobalamin binds to a hepatic R-protein and is then secreted through the bile [29]

In muscle tissue, NAD+ availability is critical for the function of sirtuins, especially SIRT1 and SIRT3 , which regulate mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative metabolism, and cellular stress responses

PPAR is also involved in the synthesis of biologically active compounds from vascular endothelial cells and immune cells

Therefore, the methylation of NA is not only relevant to the abundance of free NAD + but is also relevant to the activity of these NAD + -consuming enzymes, because as a metabolite of these NAD + -consuming reactions, NA naturally has inhibitive effects on these enzymes

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