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Gut Microbiota-Dependent Trimethylamine-N-oxide and Serum Biomarkers in Patients with T2DM and Advanced CKD

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doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.03.029

Defective human spermatozoa is characterized by the presence of large amounts of DNA damage, which is largely oxidative in nature and closely associated with defects in spermiogenesis, which are further associated with reduced fertility, increased rates of miscarriage, and an enhanced risk of disease in the offspring

Abbreviations E2: 17 Estradiol 3-HSD, 17-HSD: 3- And 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase S6K1: 40S ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 DHT: 5-Dihydrotestosterone ACTB: -Actin aP2: Adipocyte Protein 2 ATGL: Adipose triglyceride lipase AIS: Androgen insensitivity syndrome AR: Androgen receptor ARKO: Androgen receptor knockout mouse ARE: Androgen-response elements ArKO: Aromatase knockout BPH: Benign prostatic hyperplasia BMC: Bone mineral content BMD: Bone mineral density BAT: Brown adipose tissue Ca2 + : Calcium CREB: CAMP response element-binding protein CRPC: Castration-resistant prostate cancers C/EBP-, C/EBP-: CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins ChIP-Seq: Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing CT: Computed tomography Cre: Cre recombinase CSA: Cross-sectional area LBD: C-terminal ligand-binding domain DHEA: Dehydroepiandrosterone DAG: Diacylglycerol DBD: DNA-binding domain DXA: Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry ETC: Electron transport chain ER: Estrogen receptor ESR1: Estrogen receptor alpha 4EBP1: Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 EDL: Extensor digitorum longus ERK1/2: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 FO: Fast-oxidative FOG: Fast-oxidative-glycolytic FBM: Fat body mass CPT1: Fatty acid mitochondrial transporter FAS: Fatty acid synthase FAPs: Fibro/adipogenic progenitors FSH: Follicle-stimulating hormone FOXK1: Forkhead box K1 FCG: Four Core Genotypes model GR: Glucocorticoid receptor GDX: Gonadectomy GnRH: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Hsp: Heat shock protein HSL: Hormone sensitive lipase HAS: Human alpha-skeletal actin CMV: Human cytomegalovirus IP: Inositol phosphates IP3: Inositol triphosphate Igf-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1 IAAF: International Amateur Athletics Federation KLF: Krppel-like factors LBM: Lean body mass BC/LA: Levator ani/bulbocavernosus LPL: Lipoprotein lipase LH: Luteinizing hormone MTORC1: Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 MR: Mineralocorticoid receptor MAPK: Mitogen activated protein kinase MAG: Monoacylglycerol MCK: Muscle creatine kinase MPS: Muscle protein synthesis HSAAR: Muscle-specific AR overexpression MyoD: Myoblast determination protein 1 MEF2c: Myocyte enhancer factor 2c MHC: Myosin heavy chain Mstn: Myostatin NTD: NH 2 -terminal transcriptional regulation domain NLS: Nuclear localization signal ORX: Orchidectomy OVX: Ovariectomy loxP: P1 phage PPAR-: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma PGC1: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha PA: Phosphatidic acid PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase PGK: Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 PDGFR-CreER: Platelet-derived growth factor receptor Cre-ER PCOS: Polycystic ovarian syndrome PND: Post-natal day PR: Progesterone receptor Akt: Protein kinase B PKA/PKC: Protein kinases A/C Src: Proto-oncogene tyrosine protein kinase Col1a1: Rat type 1a1 collagen promoter RSPO2: R-spondin 2 SC: Satellite cells SARM: Selective androgen receptor modulators SRF: Serum response factor -actin: Skeletal alpha actin SBMA: Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy SHBG: Steroid hormone binding globulin SREBF: Sterol regulatory element binding factor SDH: Succinate dehydrogenase TA: Tibialis anterior Tfm: Testicular feminization mutation TBM: Total body mass TEM: Transmission Electron Microscopy UCP2: Uncoupling protein 2 WAT: White adipose tissue WT: Wild-type References Ramamani, Aruldhas, Govindarajulu