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The effects of MSCs on the TME are mainly related to the transfer of soluble molecules and other factors via EVs [138, 139]

Asjari, M., Abedi, B

DMP acts as an antagonist of the NMDA receptor, an agonist for the sigma-1 receptor, a modulator of the glutamate receptor, and an inhibitor of the NE and serotonin transporters [135]

Additionally, niacin has been noted to increase fasting blood glucose by inducing insulin resistance in some cases

Butyrate can also provide energy for gut epithelial cells and improve the integrity of gut mucosa by a accelerating their growth and polarization, thus avoiding risky conditions or in vitro pathogenic factors that can cause inflammatory lesions (51, 52)