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These metabolic alterations provided valuable insights into the underlying disease pathogenesis (Figure ) and its association with aging, helping to identify potential age-related metabolic disruptions in T2DM

106 Trace elements like Zn, Se, and Mg modulate enzymes, transcription factors which are needed for various biological functions including immune functions

Subsequent work has shownthat other antioxidative genes can be induced by JA (Sasaki-Sekimoto et al., 2005) while this hormone has been implicated, together with thiol status, in resistance to selenite (Tamaoki et al., 2008)

Upregulation of CHAC1 has been consistently observed in models of retinal damage, kidney and liver injury and heat shockinduced oxidative stress, often in tandem with ER stress (Ju et al., 2025

Recent experimental studies provide compelling evidence that glial -glucocerebrosidase plays a central role in both GD and GBA1-associated PD