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doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.003

These in vitro findings reinforce that natural molecules can directly safeguard neuronal cells, something not observed with levodopa in cell culture (levodopa in vitro can actually be toxic to neurons at high concentrations due to oxidative byproducts) [60, 61]

The honest answer: standard oral glutathione has poor bioavailability

Systemic inflammation down-regulates glyoxalase-1 expression: an experimental study in healthy males

Therefore, future study should systematically focus on elucidating matrix ionization mechanism, developing novel high-performance matrices, and expanding the application potential of MALDI-MS in quantitative detection, single-cell imaging, and the integration of spatial multi-omics