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If you aren't clear on the molecular biology, that's fine

Several factors can impair B12 absorption: Reduced stomach acid production (achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria), common in older adults and those taking proton pump inhibitors or H2-receptor antagonists long-term, impairs the release of B12 from food proteins Pernicious anaemia , an autoimmune condition destroying parietal cells and reducing intrinsic factor production, completely blocks the primary absorption pathway Gastrointestinal disorders including Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, or surgical removal of stomach or ileum sections directly damage absorption sites Metformin , commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes, may reduce B12 absorption through unclear mechanisms

When evaluating adipose tissue in WT and 3-KO mice, researchers found that neither treatment significantly affected white adipose tissue mass in either genotype

B12 is a naturally occurring nutrient from the B-vitamin family

It works by binding to ghrelin receptors in the brain, which stimulates the pituitary gland to release growth hormone (GH)