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While GPx activity remained stable in both tissues during hypoxia, GST activity showed substrate-dependent responses: no change with the artificial substrate CDNB but a significant decrease with the physiological lipid peroxidation product 4-HNE, particularly in erythrocytes

For example, quercetin and luteolin act as metal ion chelators, binding Fe and Cu, which catalyze ROS production, thereby reducing oxidative stress within melanocytes 141

Dentistry Journal September 29, 2024 Contributors: Man Hung, Mahsa Sadri, Melanie Katz, Connor Schwartz, and Amir Mohajeri Racial Attitudes and Perceptions of Government Response during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Public Health Strategies

2023;101:skad260

MDA was estimated by the method of Mesbah et al