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How Injectable BPC-157 Reaches the Body Injections allow the peptide to enter the bloodstream rapidly

51 JiaL.HanF.WangH.ZhuC.GuoQ.LiJ.et al (2019)

Figure was created by BioRender ( Abbreviations AAV Adeno-associated viral ACE-2 Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Ac-SOD2 Acetyl-superoxide dismutase 2 AD Alzheimers disease Akt Protein kinase B ALD Alcoholic liver disease ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase AP-1 Activator protein 1 APAF1 Apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 ARF1 ADP-ribosylation factor 1 -syn -Synuclein protein ATF-2 Activating transcription factor-2 ATG9 A Autophagy essential proteins autophagy-related 9A ATM Ataxia telangiectasia mutated ATP Adenosine triphosphate A Amyloid BNIP3 Adenovirus E1B 19 kDa interacting protein 3 BNIP3L BNIP3-like BOK B cell lymphoma 2 ovarian killer BAX BCL-2 associated protein X BAK BCL-2 antagonist killer BCL-2 B cell lymphoma-2 BCL2L13 BCL-2-like protein 13 BDNF Brain-derived neurotrophic factor BH3 BCL-2 homology 3 IIPKC II isoform of protein kinase C cAMP Cyclic adenosine monophosphate CAMK Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase CAFs Cancer-associated fibroblasts CARPs Cationic arginine-rich peptides cDC1 Type 1 conventional DC cDC2 Type 2 conventional DC CK2 Casein kinase 2 COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019 COX Cyclo-oxygenase CPT1 A Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A CREB CAMP response element-binding protein CSCs Cancer stem cells Cyt Cytochrome CVDs Cardiovascular diseases DAMPs Damage-associated molecular patterns DCs Dendritic cells DdCBEs DddA-derived cytosine base editors Drp1 Dynamin-related protein 1 m Mitochondrial membrane potential ECs Endothelial cells eNOS Endothelial NO synthase ER Endoplasmic reticulum ERAD Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation ERR Estrogen-related receptor ETC Electron transport chain FADH2 Flavin adenine dinucleotide FAK Focal adhesion kinase FAO Fatty acid oxidation FH Fumarate hydratase Fis1 Fission 1 FKBP8 FK506 binding protein 8 FDA Food and Drug Administration FIP200 200KD FAK family kinase-interacting protein FUNDC1 FUN14 domain containing 1 GLUT4 Glucose transporter 4 GSDMD Gasdermin D GSIS Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion hAFScs Human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells HBV Hepatitis B virus HCV Hepatitis C virus HD Huntingtons disease HIF Hypoxia-inducible factor HSP Heavy strand promoter HTRA2 High-temperature demand protein A2 Hsp60 The 60 kDa heat shock protein IDH2 Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 IFN Interferon IL Interleukin IMM Inner mitochondrial membrane IMS Intermembrane space IR Insulin resistance ISCs Intestinal stem cells JNK Jun N-terminal kinase KLF-1 Krppel-like factor-1 KSS Kearns-Sayre syndrome LC3 Light chain 3 LDL Low-density lipoprotein LHON Leber hereditary optic neuropathy LIR LC3 interaction region L-OPA1 Long OPA1 LRP1 Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 LRRK2 Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 LSP Light strand promoter MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinase MARCH5 Membrane-associated RING Finger protein 5 MASLD Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease MCU Mitochondrial calcium uniporter Mdivi-1 Mitochondrial division inhibitor-1 MDV Mitochondria-derived vesicles MEF2 The myocyte enhancer factor 2 Mff Mitochondrial fission factor MiD Mitochondrial dynamics protein Mfn1 Mitofusin 1 Mfn2 Mitofusin 2 MIPS Mitochondrial information processing system Miro Mitochondrial Rho GTPase Mitophagy Mitochondrial autophagy MitoQ Mitoquinone mitoRE Mitochondrial targeted restriction endonuclease mitoTALEN Mitochondrial targeted transcriptional activator-like effector nuclease MLKL Mixed lineage kinase domain-like MOTS-c The mitochondrial open reading frame of 12S rRNA-c mPTP Mitochondrial permeability transition pore MPTP 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine MSCs Mesenchymal stem cells mtDNA Mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid mTOR Mechanistic target of rapamycin mtROS Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species MT-TL1 Mitochondrial tRNA leucine 1 mtZFN Mitochondrial targeted zinc finger nuclease MT Mitochondrial transplantation NAD+ Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAFLD Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NASH Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis NCLX Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger ND NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain nDNA Nuclear DNA NDP52 Nuclear dot protein 52 NFE2L2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 NF-B Nuclear factor-B NFTs Neurofibrillary tangles NIX Nip3-like protein X NLRP3 NOD-like receptor protein 3 NMN Nicotinamide mononucleotide NO Nitric oxide NRF1 Nuclear respiratory factors 1 NRF2 Nuclear respiratory factors 2 NURR1 Nuclear receptor-related 1 OPA1 Optic atrophy protein 1 OPTN Optineurin OMM Outer mitochondrial membrane oxLDL Oxidized LDL OXPHOS Oxidative phosphorylation PAMP Pathogen-associated molecular patterns PD Parkinsons disease PD-L1 Programmed death-ligand 1 PEP CSTSMLKAC PGAM5 Phosphoglycerate mutase 5 PGC-1 PPAR coactivator-1alpha PHB2 Prohibitin 2 PINK1 PTEN induced putative kinase 1 PI3K Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase PKA cAMP-protein kinase A POLG Polymerase gamma PRC PPAR-related coactivator 1 PRKA Protein kinase cAMP-activated PRRs Pattern-recognition receptors PPAR Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PTEN Phosphatase and tensin homolog RG-PGC-1 PGC-1 reference gene RIPK Receptor-interacting protein kinase ROS Reactive oxygen species RsDdCBE RsDddA-derived cytosine base editor RsDddA DddAtox homolog from Ruminococcus sp

NGS Genetic Testing can be a powerful tool in diagnosing this rare genetic disorder, and can help to guide treatment decisions and improve outcomes

Its consistent efficacy across preclinical models, together with emerging translational evidence, provides a strong rationale for further investigation