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doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.12.282 24 CowardSClementFBenchimolEIBernsteinCNAvina-ZubietaJABittonAet al

Plasma levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide can be increased with 'healthy' and 'unhealthy' diets and do not correlate with the extent of atherosclerosis but with plaque instability

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In aggregate, CSP-induced derangement in LC was attributed to a combination of cytotoxicity that caused a release of LC from damaged tissues, and impaired renal reabsorption mechanisms, as well as inhibition of the cellular uptake of LC caused by a change in OCTN2 activity

The MOXI randomized trial did not show improved live birth or semen outcomes with one antioxidant combination, and the large SUMMER trial published in 2025 similarly found no significant improvement in ongoing pregnancy rates with the tested antioxidant supplement versus placebo