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In fact, primary cultured astrocytes express a secretory lysosome marker called vesicle-associated membrane protein-7 (also called TI-VAMP), and TI-VAMP-positive secretory lysosomes contain ATP which is Ca 2+ -dependently released (Verderio et al., 2012)

Laboratory processing involves at least one of, but sometimes both, mechanical and enzymatic digestion to break up the original tissue into smaller fragments 24,25,26

Evaluation of caspase-3 activation Caspase-3 activation during the early stages of PMA-induced NET formation was evaluated using the CellEvent Caspase-3/7 Green Detection Reagent (C10423, Invitrogen) and an active caspase-3-specific antibody (570524, BD Biosciences)

Acknowledgments Figures in our manuscript was created using BioRender online tools ( We would like to express our gratitude for these invaluable resources

Mechanistically, BPC-157 activates VEGFR2 via the PI3K-Akt-eNOS axis to promote angiogenesis, stimulates ERK1/2 signalling to enhance fibroblast proliferation and migration, and modulates the NO system to regulate vascular tone