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In a neonatal rat hypoxia-ischemia (HI) model, TLR4-p38 MAPK pathway activation induces the production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-18, IL-6, and IL-1, significantly upregulates TLR4 expression, increases p53 levels, decreases SLC7A11 and GPX4 levels, and causes mitochondrial damage, inducing ferroptosis in hippocampal neurons

doi:10.1007/s13346-022-01241-3 2026 The Author(s)

doi: 10.1016/S0928-8244(02)00465-0, 85 SangpichaiS.PatarapadungkitN.PientongC.EkalaksanananT.ChaiwiriyakulS.ThongborR.et al

doi: 10.1007/s00280-014-2386-z 140

The underutilization of opioids in the pediatric population may arise from the misconception that pain perception is diminished secondary to immature pain-processing pathways