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Secondly, an initial inflammatory response driven by self-antigens, including activation of self-antigen-specific T cells, can lead to the bystander activation of other memory T cells with different antigen specificities

105 This presents unique clinical challenges and management considerations

doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2025.156743 178 DuYWuSXiSXuWSunLYanJet al

TNF-a is produced by activated macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, astrocytes, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, some tumor cells, and epithelial cells

84 Importantly, next-generation sequencing and methylation assays have identified key genetic alterations in ctDNA, including mutations in genes such as p53 , EGFR , MET , PIK3CA , and NOTCH1 , highlighting the feasibility of liquid biopsies in molecular profiling and personalized therapy selection