l carnitine deficiency island Primary in the Faroe Islands: health and cardiac status in 76 adult patients diagnosed by screening | Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease Role of carnitine in disease

doi: 10.2165/00007256-200030030-00002

Nevertheless, the observations are interesting and have been subsequently followed up by a study that showed 12 weeks of daily carnitine and carbohydrate feeding in humans increases skeletal muscle total carnitine content and prevents body mass accrual associated with carbohydrate feeding alone (3)

L-carnitine L-tartrate: This form is known for its potent antioxidant properties, which support muscle recovery and minimize muscle damage

2013;2(6):e000542

Pivalate is a branched-chain fatty acid anion that is metabolized to form an acyl-CoA ester, which is transesterified to carnitine and subsequently excreted in the urine as pivaloyl carnitine