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Thus, while deficiency of Gclm accelerates advanced atherosclerosis in ApoE null mice, overexpression of Gclc results in the opposite (Callegari et al., 2011)

Increases in lipid uptake, storage, and lipogenesis contribute to rapid growth and drug resistance [94]

According to literature, many other natural products like glycoside components need to be metabolized and deglycosylated by the intestinal flora to exert better pharmacological activity ( To further elucidate the mechanism of poor bioavailability and seek solutions, combined administrations with vegetable oil, urea, metronidazole, and verapamil were attempted to improve lipid solubility, intestinal permeability and inhibit intestinal microbiota and P-gp

Endogenous antioxidants involve heterogeneous groups that are water or lipid-soluble enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), etc., and some cellular metabolites like reduced glutathione (GSH) and thioredoxin [10]

However, the present study did not measure TPO levels in these individuals