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A review of the literature

Association between electronic cigarette use and prediabetes, diabetes, and insulin resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis

PMID 24805984

During pregnancy, the nicotine exposure increases the risk for eclampsia, premature birth, still birth, reduced birth weight, reduced lung function at birth, apnea, cleft lip and palate and probably effects muscle and skeletal development in the new-born child [33]

Nationally, the e-cigarette use prevalence among high school students was 18%.2 In 2021, 2.4% of high school students in Wisconsin used chewing tobacco, snuff or dip on at least one day in the past 30 days