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Pregnant smokers face increased placental complications, with couples where both parents smoke showing an 11% higher risk of preterm birth

Children and adolescents who use electronic cigarettes are at least twice as likely to smoke conventional cigarettes later in life

however, adolescents continue to use tobacco and nicotine, through electronic cigarettes or vapes, smokeless tobacco, cigars and cigarillos, and cigarettes

consequently, adversely affected Leydig cell number and functioning leading to decrease serum testosterone level since Leydig cells secrete testosterone.[8] The results obtained from this study is in consonance with earlier studies[15] but contrary to Trummer et al .,[16] who reported an increased free and total serum testosterone