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The following factors were included as covariates for potential confounders or risk factors: sex (male or female), grade (7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, or 12th), academic performance (high, middle, or low), area of residence (metropolitan, urban, or rural), residence type (living with or without family), economic status (high, middle, or low), subjective health condition (healthy, normal, or unhealthy), physical activity over 1 h and five times per week (yes or no), drinking experience (yes or no), smoking status (never, ex-smoker, or current smoker), sleep satisfaction (satisfied, regular, or unsatisfied), stress perception (high, middle, or low), depressive symptoms in the past 12 months (yes or no), and year (2020, 2021, 2022, or 2023)

In Bangkok, these three chemicals can reach concentrations equivalent to 100 to 500 cig/day

People need to know about the importance of a persons tobacco and nicotine use

Chronic low-dose environmental toxicants exposures have been associated with various cancers, including thyroid carcinoma [28,29], liver [28], breast [30], bladder [31], skin [32], and kidney [33]

10.5993/AJHB.39.5.10