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Data analyses were made using R version 4.4.0 (R Core Team, Vienna, Austria) and RStudio version 2024.04.1 + 748 (Posit Software, Boston, MA, USA)

It can take several quit attempts until you can finally call yourself a non-smoker

Bioinformatics 33 , 272279 (2017)

For instance, because these data were not obtained, we were unable to control for the family history of infertility, a potentially significant confounder

Collectively, these studies demonstrate that smokeless tobacco induces oral microbiome dysbiosis characterized by enrichment of pro-inflammatory taxa (e.g., Fusobacterium and Prevotella ), depletion of symbiotic species (e.g., Lactobacillus and Neisseria ), and activation of carcinogenesis-linked metabolic pathways (nitrogen metabolism and LPS biosynthesis), with dose-dependent effects and product-specific virulence