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Physicians and public health practitioners can use the estimates of average increased risk and the star rating to educate patients and the general public about the risk of smoking and to promote smoking cessation 188

Byproducts of the vaporization also include reactive oxygen species and heavy metals from the device hardware that can be toxic to the lungs

[notes 4] [12] The levels of nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), aldehydes, metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), flavors, and tobacco alkaloids in e-cigarette aerosols vary greatly

Association Between Initial Use of E-cigarettes and Subsequent Cigarette Smoking Among Adolescents and Young Adults: A systematic Review and Meta-analysis

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