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As between-study heterogeneity can be underestimated or even zero when the number of studies is small 196,197 , we used Fishers information matrix to estimate the uncertainty of the heterogeneity 198 and incorporated that uncertainty into the final results

Interestingly, nic salt e-liquids typically contain 3 to 4 times the amount of flavourings used in freebase nicotine e-liquids - as the flavourings contribute to the small amount of particulates produced by vaping, this would indicate liquids using freebase nicotine may be less harmful than nic salt e-liquids

An injector like the Powermatic 2+ packs loose tobacco into a pre-made filtered tube

Retrieved March 16, 2018, from World Health Organization (WHO)

What do young people know about the nicotine in their e-cigarettes