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'It seems reasonable to hypothesise, based on our research and others', that stressful conditions imposed by smoking induce responses in microbial cells.' This then leads to 'adaptation to harsh conditions, with the net effect of increasing virulence and/or potential for infection', Dr Laabei added

Both vaping and smoking irritate your lungs and airways and contain carcinogens like nitrosamines, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde

Repeated exposure to tobacco smoke can increase sensitivity over time

Policy A mouth ulcer is a sore that appears anywhere inside your mouth

Patients are often treated sub-optimally and comorbidities are not managed