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Understanding Testosterone As we delve into the complex relationship between smoking and testosterone levels, it's essential to first establish a fundamental understanding of testosterone and the factors that can influence its levels in the body

It has been shown that the exposure to cigarette smoke induces a unique macrophage polarization pattern marked by a suppression of M1 and an induction of M2-related genes signatures [175,176,177]

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Abbreviations AZA: 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine CBP: c-AMP response element binding protein CCAT1: colon cancer-associated transcript-1 COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COX2: cyclooxygenase-2 COX II: cytochrome C oxidase subunit II CS: cigarette smoke DNMT: DNA methyl transferase ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase EZH2: enhancer of zeste homolog 2 HAT: histone acetyltransferase HDAC: histone deacetylase HMT: histone methyltransferase HOTAIR: Hox transcript antisense intergenic RNA IB: inhibitory kappa B IL-1Ra: interleukin-1 receptor antagonist LCPAT1: lung cancer progressionassociation transcript 1 lncRNA: long non-coding RNA MAFbx: muscle atrophy F-box MALAT1: metastasis associated in lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase MSK: mitogen- and stress-activated kinase MUL1: mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 MuRF1: muscle ring finger-1 protein NF-B: nuclear factor kappa B NLRP3: Nod-like receptor protein 3 PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PRMT: protein arginine methyltransferase SCAL1: smoke and cancer-associated lncRNA1 SIRT: sirtuin TETs: Tet-eleven translocation proteins UPS: ubiquitinproteasome system USP: ubiquitin-specific protease References Lee J, Taneja V, Vassallo R

Source dataset: hlth_ehis_sk3i The proportion of smokers who consumed 20 cigarettes or more per day ranged between 1.0% in Sweden and 12.9% in Bulgaria