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Table 1 FTND: Fagerstrm test for nicotine dependence

Long-Term Health Risks Over time, the cumulative damage leads to devastating, often fatal, diseases

Adult-onset retentional acne : Similar to patterns seen in traditional smokers, often involving blackheads and deeper clogged pores

Drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) is defined by resistance to at least one of the first-line drug, while multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) implies resistance to both RIF and INH, and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) refers to MDR-TB strains that are resistant to fluoroquinolones (FQ) and at least one aminoglycoside (Johnson et al., 2024)

Contrary to the top-down approach adopted by the UK and many jurisdictions in the US, Article 25 of Japans Health and Welfare Act does not mandate any sort of indoor smoking ban