dual glp-1/gip agonist The Emerging Role of GLP-1 and GIP Receptor Agonists in Glycemic Management and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Mechanisms of action of GLP-1

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In DR, mitochondrial DNA leakage due to cellular stress or damage activates STING, which promotes inflammation and vascular dysfunction in retinal endothelial cells

nausea decreases with ongoing usage a steady weight loss occurs in some patients over 2 years (may be related to nausea & CNS-mediated loss of appetite) there is an increased risk of hypoglycemia when exenatide is used with a sulfonylurea The dose of the sulfonylurea may need to be reduced if hypoglycemia occurs when combined with exenatide Most serious : rare & sometimes fatal necrotizing or hemorrhagic pancreatitis When initiating patients on Byetta, watch for signs and symptoms of pancreatitis (including persistent severe abdominal pain, sometimes radiating to the back, which may or may not be accompanied by vomiting)

however, comparative studies indicate that continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) remains significantly more effective than liraglutide when used as monotherapy.[45] Two recent randomized controlled trials involving 469 participants without diabetes and with moderate to severe OSA demonstrated a 55% reduction in AHI with tirzepatide treatment.[17] These findings led to FDA approval of tirzepatide for moderate to severe OSA in December 2024

But a pill is still a powerful medicine