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Description

Abbreviations HFpEF Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction HF Heart failure HFrEF Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction MetS Metabolic syndrome T2DM Type 2 diabetes mellitus SGLT2i Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors GLP-1 RA Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists GIP Glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide GLP-1 Glucagon-like peptide-1 BSx Bariatric surgery NP Natriuretic peptide NT-proBNP N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptid BMI Body mass index ACC American College of Cardiology EAT Epicardial adipose tissue LV Left ventricular VAT Visceral adipose tissue IL-1 Interleukin-1 IL-6 Interleukin-6 TNF- Tumour necrosis factor- DASH Dietary approaches to stop hypertension SDR Sodium-restricted LED Low-energy diet MRPs Meal replacement plans MedDiet Mediterranean diet KCCQ-CSS Kansas city cardiomyopathy questionnaire clinical summary score ET Exercise training QoL Quality of life AHA American heart association RCTs Randomized controlled trials SET Supervised exercise training HIIT High-intensity interval training 6MWD 6-minute walk distance VO 2 peak Peak oxygen consumption LIT Low-intensity training MLHF Minnesota living with heart failure NNT Number needed to treat SAE Serious adverse events AE Adverse events HFSA Heart failure society of America ASCVD Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease CVOTs Cardiovascular outcome trials MACE Major adverse cardiovascular events LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction NHE1 Myocardial-specific sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1 AMP Adenosine monophosphate AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase ATP Adenosine triphosphate DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid ROS Reactive oxygen species MCP-1 Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 Ang II Angiotensin II AT2R Angiotensin II type 2 receptor ACE2 Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 NF-B Nuclear factor-B Author contributions WWZ and QXQ wrote the manuscript draft