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Levy NA, Janicak PG

Some individuals may notice a gentle decrease in appetite, improved portion control, or mild digestive adjustments as the GLP-1 hormone begins to regulate hunger and metabolism

Compounds (3,5-Odicaffeoyl-d-quinic acid and matesaponin-2 and linolenic acid exhibited significant elevations in GLP-1 levels [33]

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Abbreviations AC: Adenylyl cyclase BCA: Bicinchoninic acid cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate CREB: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein ER: Endoplasmic reticulum GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP-1R: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor HPRT1: Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase 1 HRP: Horseradish peroxidase IL-1: Interleukin-1 beta OA: Osteoarthritis PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase PKA: Protein kinase A RIPA: Radio immunoprecipitation assay ROS: Reactive oxygen species TNF-: Tissue Necrosis Factor-alpha References Huang K, Wu LD