glp-1 gip dual agonist GIPR/GLP-1R therapies for diabetes and weight loss– Chemistry, Physiology and Clinical application The Effects of Dual GLP-1/GIP

Use in type 1 diabetes The ADJUNCT ONE trial (Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide as Adjunct Therapy to Insulin in the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes), 55 the ADJUNCT TWO trial, 56 and a large meta-analysis 57 found reductions in hemoglobin A1c, body weight, and total daily dose of insulin, but also highlighted an increase in hyperglycemia with ketosis in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus receiving liraglutide or exenatide in combination with insulin

By binding with GLP-1 receptors, semaglutide suppresses appetite, increases insulin secretion, delays gastric emptying, stimulates glucose-dependent sections of insulin, and reduces food intake to promote weight loss

Results: Semaglutide (~7 days) and tirzepatide (~5 days) have long half-lives, requiring discontinuation at least 35 days and 2535 days, respectively, before conception, while liraglutide requires 3 days

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A key function of GLP-1 is to lower blood sugar levels, achieved through stimulating insulin production by the pancreas in response to high blood sugar, and inhibiting glucagon secretion, which otherwise raises blood sugar levels by promoting glucose production in the liver