do glp 1 cause osteoporosis GLP-1s and Bone Health: What the Evidence Says About Semaglutide, Bone Density, and Muscle Loss Bone health: GLP-1s may increase

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If you are going to lose weight when you add Synthroid or levothyroxine it will only be a small amount IF the medication is right for you

a) Insulin only b) GLP1 and GIP c) Glucagon only d) Amylin & somatostatin Answer: b) GLP1 and GIP The glucose-lowering effect is: a) Constant b) Glucose-dependent c) Hypoglycemia-prone d) Insulin-independent Answer: b) Glucose-dependent Sitagliptin is primarily excreted via: a) Feces b) Urine c) Bile d) Sweat Answer: b) Urine A rare but serious side effect is: a) Hypoglycemia b) Pancreatitis c) Hypothyroidism d) Bladder cancer Answer: b) Pancreatitis Protein binding is approximately: a) 10% b) 38% c) 80% d) 99% Answer: b) 38% DPP4 inhibitors differ from GLP1 agonists by: a) Oral vs injection b) Cost only c) Efficacy only d) Indication only Answer: a) Oral vs injection Combination with sulfonylureas increases risk of: a) Pancreatitis b) Heart failure c) Hypoglycemia d) Weight gain Answer: c) Hypoglycemia Dose scheduling is: a) Multiple times daily b) Once daily c) Every other day d) Weekly Answer: b) Once daily Sitagliptin therapy is least likely to cause: a) Hypoglycemia b) Weight gain c) Nasopharyngitis d) Pancreatitis Answer: a) Hypoglycemia Onset of action occurs within: a) Minutes b) Hours c) Days d) Weeks Answer: b) Hours Compared to saxagliptin, sitagliptin has: a) Higher potency b) Lower potency c) Similar profile d) Different mechanism Answer: c) Similar profile Sitagliptin should be dose-adjusted for: a) Liver disease b) Renal impairment c) Hypothyroidism d) Pregnancy Answer: b) Renal impairment Weight effect of sitagliptin is: a) Weight gain b) Weight loss c) Weight neutral d) Unknown Answer: c) Weight neutral Sitagliptin carries risk of heart failure

The need for international consensus on prediabetes

Substance use disorders An emerging area of interest for GLP-1RAs is their potential role in the treatment of substance use disorders, including alcohol and nicotine dependence.[51] GLP-1 is endogenously produced in the nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem and acts as a neuropeptide modulating reward and addiction pathways.[52, 53] GLP-1 receptors are expressed in key regions involved in reinforcement, including the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens, where they modulate glutamatergic signaling, potentially influencing feeding and substance-related behaviors.[53, 54] Though ongoing trials are actively investigating the role of GLP-1RAs in substance use disorders, the current evidence base is constrained by a small number of studies, limited randomized controlled trials, heterogeneity in agents evaluated, and variability in outcome measures.[55] One cohort study of U.S