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Endocrine 66(3):542550

ATP generated from increased glycolysis can be used without oxygen and is independent of mitochondrial ATP production

For those adults who have a diagnosed vitamin B12 deficiency , or for those who are not able to easily absorb vitamin B12 from food or a B12 supplement, prescriptions are available, such as vitamin B12 injections directly into the muscle [1]

Thus, re-balancing of healthy gut microbiota through probiotics, prebiotics, and immune nutrients, could help reduce inflammation, promote anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and reset a functional gut-brain axis for optimal recovery of COVID-19 and PASC patients

Conflict of interest GYW has been Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology since 2013