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Recently, Chen et al (187) developed a folic acid-decorated, manganese dioxide-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticle to co-deliver fluvastatin sodium (MCT4 inhibitor) and metformin, effectively targeting tumor lactate metabolism by promoting lactate production and inhibiting lactate efflux, thereby exacerbating intracellular acidosis and inducing cancer cell death

Free Radicals: A Double Edge Sword Under normal physiological conditions, low levels of ROS are essential for the regulation of critical signaling pathways involved in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, survival, regulation of blood pressure, cognitive function, immunity, and maintaining normal antioxidant defense mechanisms of the body [40]

Lipid peroxidation damages mitochondrial membranes and disrupts mitochondrial function, leading to insufficient energy supply in muscle cells, which exacerbates muscle atrophy and the onset of sarcopenia ( Mitochondria are major sources of free radicals, and lipid peroxidation exacerbates oxidative stress by increasing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), damaging mitochondrial membranes and DNA, and weakening repair capabilities

The clinical challenge is to deliver sufficient quantities of antioxidants noninvasively, after Cl(2) exposure, to decrease morbidity and mortality

Cold Shock Proteins: From Cellular Mechanisms to Pathophysiology and Disease