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In the neuroinflammatory environment, activated astrocytes and microglia produce substantial amounts of IL-6, which amplifies the inflammatory response through autocrine and paracrine effects (156, 157)

Innovative therapeutic avenues include enhancing the brain-targeted delivery of natural compounds (e.g., curcumin, resveratrol) to improve their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacy, and engineering MSCs to continuously release anti-inflammatory factors for early-stage intervention in epileptogenesis

Fourthly, the data of inflammatory markers like hsCRP or ESR was not collected

Magnusson, P., Hger, A

There are multiple inputs into the TCA cycle but two important anaplerotic mechanisms are the conversion of pyruvate to mitochondrial OAA by pyruvate decarboxylase and the activation of glutaminolysis, which converts glutamine to glutamate and subsequently to -KG