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A series of nine three-fold dilutions was then prepared, resulting in a titration series of 10 oligo concentrations ranging from 0.15 nM to 3 M

The tripeptide maintains cellular redox homeostasis through the glutathione redox cycle, where NADPH-dependent glutathione reductase continuously regenerates GSH from GSSG

In addition, hydrophobic amino acids are known to be associated with antioxidative activity 27

Overall, the skin lightening effect in all groups was not large, but in the group treated with glutathione or cysteine alone, the lightness and the individual typology angles (ITA) of certain skin sites were significantly higher than those of the placebo group

Fluorescence signals were detected using an FV1000 confocal laserscanning microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan)